Blood types arose for protection against viruses

As scientists from University of Bath believe, the person could get the enzymes defining a blood type, at bacteria – they were necessary to interfere with distribution of viruses to populations. Erythrocytes in blood of the person are covered with carbohydrate structures which call gliko-anti-genes. The phenotype of these anti-genes determines a blood type by AB0 system. A-positive people have the antibodies resisting to gliko-anti-genes of group B, B-positive have anti-And and anti-0, 0-positive – anti-A and anti-B. These antibodies don't exist at the beginning of organism formation, and appear with intestinal bacteria which make eritrotsitarny anti-genes. Viruses in a cover bear part of a membrane of a cage owner which contains anti-genes of blood types. As a result, if the virus arrives from an A-positive organism in B-or 0-positive, the immune system kills him etc.

Gliko-antigena consist of groups of enzymes – гликозилтрансфераз. Scientists investigated three-dimensional structure of a molecule гликозилтрансферазы from an intestinal bacterium of Bacteroides ovatus. It appeared that it has the structure similar with maternal, though possesses functional differences (its working capacity doesn't depend on ions). They show that maternal enzyme could occur from bacterial as a result of a horizontal transfer of genes (passing a specific barrier), instead of by vertical (from generation to generation). It is supposed that genes of bacterial enzyme were introduced in an organism of the ancestor of modern vertebrata, and from them there was an enzyme of the person as a security measure from viruses. Article with this conclusion is published by scientists in the Scientific Reports magazine.

Scientists learned not to start up HIV in immune system

tratScientists from Barcelona defined the mechanism of peneion of HIV in immune system. Besides, they managed to block this "entrance" and to prevent virus distribution, writes La Vanguardia. Today while it is difficult to imagine opening potential, but it is possible to hope that in 10 years the medicine blocking transfer to HIV in a human body will be developed, notes the edition. Earlier it was found out that HIV is capable to hide in the cages dendrites protecting immune system, and through them to infect lymphatic fabric. Now Barcelonian scientists described a molecule of dendrites which serves as "entrance" in a cage.

Opening in the future can lead to development of a preparation for HIV treatment at early stages or even protection from it. According to scientists, theoretically this mechanism is useful and for prevention of transfer of other viruses — for example, htlv-1, the causative agent of leukemia.

Stem cells used for a medicine assessment

Researchers from Jones Hopkins's University reported about concrete steps on a way of use of stem cells for studying of action of drugs on cells of a sick organism, reports Science Daily. The work described in the last number Nature Biotechnology, began a few years ago with studying of possibility of testing of experimental preparations on the specialized sick cells which have been grown up from induced plyuripotentny stem cells (iPSCs). Gabsan Li (Gabsang Lee) with colleagues then was withdrawn by skin cells from the person with an infrequent genetic disease, Riley-Day's syndrome. The choice of this disease was bound to that it affects only one type of nervous cells, to allocate which a traditional biopsy it is almost impossible. In experiments on verification of the concept scientists by means of known biochemical factors (they are called as Yamanaka's factors) reprogrammed skin cells in the induced plyuripotentny stem cells, capable to turn into cells of different specialization, and received from them nervous cells. "We can't study nervous cells directly, but this approach allowed us to see for the first time what exactly occurs at disease development", - Whether speaks. One of symptoms of a syndrome of Riley-Day - the lowered painful sensitivity, till 30 years lives only a half of patients.

Whether in recent research with colleagues from Memorial hospital Sloan Kettering used the same laboratorno grown-up nervous cells of a syndrome of Riley-Day for screening of seven thousand preparations. By means of the robot programmed on the analysis of their effect, scientists managed to identify quickly eight bonds for the subsequent testing, and only one - SKF-86466 - showed undoubted ability to stop or turn a course of a disease at cellular level. As Gabsan Li explained, clinical tests of SKF-86466 are impossible because of small number of patients with Riley-Day's syndrome in the world, but instead of this bond it is possible to use very similar preparation allowed for use on other indications.

Nanoconveyors of drugs in cancer cells are created in Russia

The molecule, capable to deliver drugs in the core of a cell, including affected by cancer process, is developed in Russia, is spoken in the report of the director of Institute of biology of a gene of the Russian Academy of Sciences of academician George Georgiyev and the head of the laboratory of molecular genetics of intracellular transport Alexander Sobolev. Such "supplier" does treatment at least one thousand times more effective in comparison with usual therapy, transfers ITAR-TASS. "As a serious call for those who frames specific and effective remedies of treatment, the paradoxical situation serves. It is at the same time necessary to use so-called superficial molecular markers to provide cellular specificity of medicine whereas achievement of maximum efficiency demands medicine delivery in a cell, in its certain part", - Alexander Sobolev told. For anticancerogenic agents such delivery has to be carried out usually immediately in a core, the scientist specified. But for this purpose it is necessary to frame a certain transport of medicine in the right place, uniting to two inconsistent demand. "We developed the modular nanoconveyors (MNT), allowing to achieve it", - Sobolev noted.

For this purpose from different natural molecules separate modules were taken and bridged in himerny, speaking to words of scientists, artificial protein about 10 nanometers in size. It also is MNT, and all modules keep the functions in its structure. MNT after intravenous administration collect mainly in tumoral cells, and in them – mainly in cores. Besides, these conveyors are a little toxic and almost immunogens. Thanks to it drugs for photodynamic therapy of a cancer – so-called photosensitinogens (FS), – delivered by the nanoconveyor in cancer cells, appear by 1000-3000 times more effective in comparison with free FS. So, for example, therapy of the epidermoid carcinoma of the person inoculated to mice with application of MNT causes an appreciable growth inhibition of a tumor and provides survival of 75% of mice with tumors while usual, free FS yields result only in 20%. Similar results were received and when using other antitumoral preparations. "High efficiency of therapy with application of various MNT allows to raise a question of possibility of application of conveyors of this sort for treatment of malignant neoplasms in clinic", - researchers emphasized. Now preclinical tests of MNT come to the end.

Biologists found out a parentage of cells candelabrums

The American scientists from laboratory Kold Spring Harbor established a clonal parentage of cells candelabrums, the neurones of a cerebral cortex uniting to information from hundred "usual" neurones. Cells candelabrums were open about 40 years ago. Their difference from usual neurones consists that they form contacts to many pyramidal cells. Because of a set of contacts which are visible at a staining, cells candelabrums and received the name. One of pioneers of structure of DNA, Frensis Krik, put forward cells candelabrums on a role of integrators which control "simple" neurones of a cortex and if necessary "impose the veto" on exaltation diffusion between them. Nevertheless, it was till today unclear, these neurones are how formed. Authors of new research showed that these cells are formed of earlier unknown zone of a fetal brain (a ventral germinal zone - VGZ). Also scientific it was possible to find out, what gene specifically is responsible for their development.

To track "destiny" of cells it was possible thanks to specific synthesis of fluorescent proteins and the subsequent analysis of sections. Scientists notice that their research is of great importance for comprehension of how interaction between neurones from the point of view of hierarchy and spatial structure is organized. While on this subject neurobiologists know a little that is bound to extreme complexity of "disentangling" of structure of contacts of neurones. Let's remind, earlier Chinese scientists studied the impulses going from a human brain, and transformed them to musical waves. As a result researchers came to a conclusion that music of reason is similar to the jazz.

Scientists learned to do cages deckman DNA without participation

Scientists developed a new method of transformation of cages in deckman DNA without use. Article with the description of technology is published in the Cell Stem Cell magazine. Briefly results of researchers are described by the The Scientist magazine. Stem cells differ from "usual" subjects that are capable to develop on several ways. In other words, they can turn into various types of cages. The destiny of not stem cells is rigidly predetermined. As limiters certain updatings of DNA which stem cells don't have act. In recent years scientists developed some ways of reprogramming of not stem cells. All of them demanded introduction in a cage of certain genes. Addition of an alien genetic material does techniques potentially dangerous as DNA can be built in a genome of a cage and cause serious violations of its work. The majority of techniques means DNA introduction by means of the special infectious agent, and it essentially increases probability of a vstroyka. Authors of new research could turn фибробласты into plyuripotentny stem cells, without entering into their kernels of DNA. Researchers used "cocktail" from several transkriptsionny factors. This term the squirrels promoting reading of information from a certain site of a genome call. Proteins in a large number made genetically modified cages of an intestinal stick of Escherichia coli. Researchers allocated them, cleared and added in culture фибробластов - specialized cages of a connecting fabric. In comparison with the technology, using infectious agents, efficiency of transformation was 10 times less - 0,006 percent against 0,067 percent. Nevertheless, the method has big prospects for use in medical practice. The safe way of receiving stem cells is necessary, for example, for cultivation of a healthy warm fabric instead of the damaged.

Cholesterol is necessary for brain development

Newspaper «our World» Scientists from Carolinian institute proved that the component of cholesterol is necessary for formation of cells of the brain developing a dopamine. The experiments which have been carried out on embryos of mice, showed that development of neurons depends on activation of a certain receptor by the oxidized form of cholesterol - oksisteroly. The cages developing a dopamine, are necessary for development of motor skills, work of system of compensation and dependence formation. They die off first of all at Parkinson's illness. Scientists also showed that the embryonic stem cells which have been grown up in laboratory, under the influence of cholesterol become more probable dopaminovy neurons. The same influence allows to supervise development of stem cells. Scientists expect to replace died-off cells of patients, growing up neurons in laboratory.