What is bone marrow transplantation and stem cells

Medical Information

Transplantation of bone marrow and stem cells is a procedure that allows to treat cancer are very high doses of chemotherapeutic agents primarily, and sometimes radiation. Because this treatment irreversibly destroys the bone marrow, it is, in principle, it is not feasible, because the body loses its ability to produce vital blood cells. However, if after treatment the body to re-introduce a healthy bone marrow (a substance that produce blood) or stem cells (progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which develops, turn into blood cells), it becomes possible replacement of the bone marrow and restore its ability to hematopoiesis . That is why bone marrow and stem cell therapy allow for high-dose chemotherapy to cure a specific cancer when lower doses are powerless.

The classic goal bone marrow transplantation is to obtain it contains precursor cells (stem cells) that are in development and then converted into various blood components. Before starting any intensive treatment the bone marrow is removed from the patient's hip or a donor, then frozen and stored until use. This is called extraction. Later, after completion of chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy or without bone marrow is injected back into the body by the drop method, like a blood transfusion. The brain is circulating through the body through the bloodstream and eventually accumulates in the cavities of bones, where it begins to rise and resume the process of hematopoiesis.

While the process of migration of transplanted bone marrow cavity of the tibia, and begins the normal production of healthy blood cells, patients are very susceptible to any infection, and has a pronounced tendency to bleeding. Many antibiotics, blood transfusions and plasma appointed at this time to help prevent and fight infections. Transfusions of platelets help fight the bleeding. After allogeneic transplant patients are also immunomodulatory drugs to help prevent and control the response of "graft-versus-host disease."

The number of bone marrow transplant required depends on the patient's weight and the concentration of bone marrow cells taken at the matter. Usually the donor are taken from 950 to 2,000 milliliters of a mixture of bone marrow and blood. Although this number seems large, it really is only about 2% of human bone marrow and the body compensates for it in four weeks.

After bone marrow transplantation in typical cases, patients spend in the clinic from 4 to 8 weeks.

Bone marrow transplant is well developed, but still dangerous procedure. Individual reaction to it. As a result, pre-chemotherapy and radiotherapy developed severe immune suppression of hematopoiesis and that a substantial portion of patients may lead to different, sometimes severe infections (generally well-designed controlled by combinations of antibiotics), bleeding (requiring transfusions of blood products), nausea / vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes hepatic, renal, and other forms of intoxication, which, however, in most cases are reversible.

Treatment for leukemia, lymphoma, anemia, bone marrow transplant

Operations on bone marrow transplants performed in the transplant center of one of the most reputable clinics in Turkey MEMORIAL. The center has an international JCI accreditation and is working closely with leading clinics in the United States. This work world-famous professors, trained, and trained medical staff, the newest treatment programs and medications. The percentage of successful transplants and the number of complications after them in line with those the world's best outlets of bone marrow transplantation. The cost of bone marrow transplantation in Turkey is much less than in the clinics of Israel and Germany.

Bone marrow transplantation - a method that allows you to cure the most severe forms of cancer (eg, leukemias and lymphomas), as well as other diseases (aplastichekie anemia, congenital immunodeficiency, hereditary metabolic diseases), and certain types of solid tumors (such as breast cancer or ovarian cancer). Bone marrow transplant is extremely serious and costly operation. It carries a significant risk and is only used when other treatments are ineffective or impossible. Bone marrow and stem cells allow cancer patients treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation. This significantly increases the survival and recovery of patients with certain types of cancer.

Bone marrow transplantation requires a specialized department, sufficient skill and experience of medical personnel, expensive equipment. All of these features, our International Center for Organ Transplantation. The center is equipped with a laminar flow chambers filtered (HEPA) air, trained staff, blood bank, is constantly monitored by specialized services clinic: paraclinical and microbiological monitoring of laboratory monitoring blood concentrations of toxic drugs, a special service of infusion therapy and parenteral nutrition, etc.
Operations on bone marrow transplantation, and all necessary related procedures, including the rehabilitation of patients, conducted at the International Center for Transplantation in Turkey's leading hospitals. The center has an international accreditation and is working closely with leading clinics in the U.S.. It employs a specially trained and skilled staff, professors with international fame, the newest treatment programs and medications. The percentage of successful transplants and the number of complications after them in line with those the world's best outlets of bone marrow transplantation.
Types of bone marrow transplantation
The cost of bone marrow transplantation in Turkey several times less than in the clinics of Israel and Germany.
Bone marrow transplantation - a method that allows you to cure the most severe forms of cancer (eg, leukemias and lymphomas), as well as other diseases (aplastichekie anemia, congenital immunodeficiency, hereditary metabolic disease), certain types of cancers (such as breast cancer or ovaries). Bone marrow transplant is extremely serious and costly operation. It carries some risk, and is used only when other treatments are ineffective or impossible. Bone marrow and stem cells allow cancer patients treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation. This significantly increases the survival and recovery of patients with certain types of cancer.
See below: indications for bone marrow transplantation.
Bone marrow transplantation requires a specialized department, which offers our International Center for Transplantation. It is equipped with laminar flow chambers with filtered (HEPA) air, trained staff, blood bank, is constantly monitored by specialized services clinic: paraclinical and microbiological monitoring of laboratory monitoring blood concentrations of toxic drugs, a special service of infusion therapy and parenteral nutrition, etc.
There are different types of bone marrow transplantation:
Autotransplantation. In this case, after the special treatment of a patient transplanted his own bone marrow or stem cells. First, make a fence of the bone marrow, and then the patient is receiving extremely high doses of chemotherapy to kill malignant tumor cells. After the destruction of the tumor transplanted bone marrow previously selected.
Allogeneic transplantation. For bone marrow transplant using a donor. Allogeneic transplantation can be performed from a related donor (usually - brother, sister, at least - one of the parents) and from an unrelated donor, bone marrow, which is compatible with the patient - an immunologically identical (on a scale of HLA).
Search for an unrelated donor is carried out on international registers, with a connection to the global database of donors. Search procedure, activation and transport of donor bone marrow has the standard all over the world price. The most difficult moment of the entire transplant procedure yavllyaetsya patient management before and after transplantation, when, after a massive chemotherapy, is in serious condition and defenseless to any infection. Requires special conditions, a qualified and experienced staff, expensive drugs and supplies.
Price transplantation of bone marrow depends on its type:
the cheapest is autologous, the most expensive - transplants from poorly matched donor, as well as change that requires pre-treatment bone marrow cancer cells, bone marrow transplantation in children are one and a half to two times higher than in adults because they require more complex and expensive treatments and medicines.
Indications for bone marrow or stem cells:
Primary cancer of the bone marrow (eg leukemia in adults and children), especially if initial treatment had positive results and thus are at high risk of relapse of leukemia.
Cancer at other sites (the number of people with Hodgkin's disease and lymphoma, is not related to Hodgkin's disease), when the treatment of very high doses of chemotherapy drugs and irradiation of the whole organism are high chances of cure.
Patients with malignant solid tumors, which showed a good response to conventional dose chemotherapy (some testicular cancers, breast cancer)
The patient, who is to transplant should generally be offset by the state and to be quite young. Ideally, the person who performed transplantation, must be in remission. Autotransplantation is usually not recommended for persons over the age of 65 years, with allogeneic transplantation upper age limit is usually 50 years. Stem cell transplantation associated with a slightly lower risk, can be produced in a more advanced age.
What is bone marrow transplantation and stem cells
Medical Information
Transplantation of bone marrow and stem cells is a procedure that allows to treat cancer are very high doses of chemotherapeutic agents primarily, and sometimes radiation. Because this treatment irreversibly destroys the bone marrow, it is, in principle, it is not feasible, because the body loses its ability to produce vital blood cells. However, if after treatment the body to re-introduce a healthy bone marrow (a substance that produce blood) or stem cells (progenitor cells in the bone marrow, which develops, turn into blood cells), it becomes possible replacement of the bone marrow and restore its ability to hematopoiesis . That is why bone marrow and stem cell therapy allow for high-dose chemotherapy to cure a specific cancer when lower doses are powerless.
The classic goal bone marrow transplantation is to obtain it contains precursor cells (stem cells) that are in development and then converted into various blood components. Before starting any intensive treatment the bone marrow is removed from the patient's hip or a donor, then frozen and stored until use. This is called extraction. Later, after completion of chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy or without bone marrow is injected back into the body by the drop method, like a blood transfusion. The brain is circulating through the body through the bloodstream and eventually accumulates in the cavities of bones, where it begins to rise and resume the process of hematopoiesis.
While the process of migration of transplanted bone marrow cavity of the tibia, and begins the normal production of healthy blood cells, patients are very susceptible to any infection, and has a pronounced tendency to bleeding. Many antibiotics, blood transfusions and plasma appointed at this time to help prevent and fight infections. Transfusions of platelets help fight the bleeding. After allogeneic transplant patients are also immunomodulatory drugs to help prevent and control the response of "graft-versus-host disease."
Number required for bone marrow transplantation depends on the patient's weight and the concentration of cells in the bone marrow taken the substance. Usually the donor are taken from 950 to 2,000 milliliters of a mixture of bone marrow and blood. Although this number seems large, it really is only about 2% of human bone marrow and the body compensates for it in four weeks.
After bone marrow transplantation in typical cases, patients spend in the clinic from 4 to 8 weeks.
Peresalka bone marrow is well developed, but still dangerous procedure. Individual reaction to it. As a result, pre-chemotherapy and radiotherapy developed severe immune suppression of hematopoiesis and that a substantial portion of patients may lead to different, sometimes severe infections (generally well-designed controlled by combinations of antibiotics), bleeding (requiring transfusions of blood products), nausea / vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes hepatic, renal, and other forms of intoxication, which, however, in most cases are reversible.
You can ask us questions about all phases of transplantation,
the organization of bone marrow transplantation in Turkey and its stoimostiOperatsii transplantation of bone marrow transplants performed in the center of one of the most reputable clinics in Turkey MEMORIAL. The center has an international JCI accreditation and is working closely with leading clinics in the United States. This work world-famous professors, trained, and trained medical staff, the newest treatment programs and medications. The percentage of successful transplants and the number of complications after them in line with those the world's best outlets of bone marrow transplantation. The cost of bone marrow transplantation in Turkey is much lower than in Israel and clinics Germanii.Stoimost bone marrow transplantation in Turkey several times lower than in Israel and clinics Germanii.Transplantatsiya bone marrow - a method that allows you to cure the most severe forms of cancer ( For example, leukemia and lymphoma), as well as other diseases (aplastichekie anemia, congenital immunodeficiency, hereditary metabolic diseases), and certain types of solid tumors (such as breast cancer or ovarian cancer). Bone marrow transplant is extremely serious and costly operation. It carries a significant risk and is only used when other treatments are ineffective or impossible. Bone marrow and stem cells allow cancer patients treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation. This significantly increases the survival and recovery of patients with certain types of bone marrow transplantation raka.Vidy
Autotransplantation
In this case, after the special treatment of a patient transplanted his own bone marrow or stem cells. First, make a fence of the bone marrow, and then the patient is receiving extremely high doses of chemotherapy to kill malignant tumor cells. After the destruction of the tumor transplanted bone marrow previously selected.
Allogeneic transplantation

For bone marrow transplant using a donor. Allogeneic transplantation can be performed from a related donor (usually - brother, sister, at least - one of the parents) and from an unrelated donor, bone marrow, which is compatible with the patient - an immunologically identical (on a scale of HLA).

Search for an unrelated donor is carried out on international registers, with a connection to the global database of donors. Search procedure, activation and transport of donor bone marrow has the standard all over the world price. The most difficult moment of the entire transplant procedure is to conduct a patient before and after transplantation, when, after a massive chemotherapy, is in serious condition and defenseless to any infection. Requires special conditions, a qualified and experienced staff, expensive drugs and supplies.
Price transplantation of bone marrow

The price depends on the type of transplant. The cheapest is autologous, the most expensive - a bone marrow transplant from an ill-matched donor, as well as transplant, which requires pre-treatment bone marrow cancer cells, bone marrow transplantation in children are one and a half - two times more than adults because they require more sophisticated and expensive treatments and medicines.
Indications for bone marrow transplant or stem cell
Primary cancer of the bone marrow (eg leukemia in adults and children), especially if initial treatment had positive results and thus are at high risk of relapse of leukemia.
Cancer at other sites (the number of people with Hodgkin's disease and lymphoma, is not related to Hodgkin's disease), when the treatment of very high doses of chemotherapy drugs and irradiation of the whole organism are high chances of cure.
Patients with malignant solid tumors, which showed a good response to conventional dose chemotherapy (some testicular cancers, breast cancer)
The patient, who is to transplant should generally be offset by the state and to be quite young. Ideally, the person who performed transplantation, must be in remission. Autotransplantation is usually not recommended for persons over the age of 65 years, with allogeneic transplantation upper age limit is usually 50 years. Stem cell transplantation associated with a slightly lower risk, can be produced in a more advanced age.

Problems have been encountered with the use of embryonic stem cells (according to the American site)

A. It is difficult to differentiate into a homogeneous and / or homogeneous target tissue.
Author's comments:
Because embryonic stem cells are in the process of dividing the female egg, then in the absence of control from both sides of the egg (because it is destroyed), and on the part of the female body (as they are separated from the mother's body), the process of further differentiation is carried out randomly in contrast to the body, where they are constantly monitored vital systems at different levels (cellular, tissue, organ level and at the level of the whole organism).
Two. Problems with immunity - embryonic stem cells from random donors are likely to be rejected by the immune system after transplantation (the effect of Yushchenko).
Author's comments:
Despite the fact that embryonic stem cells have not yet differentiated, but if it enters the patient's body, they determined the host immune system as foreign and the immune system begins to destroy them. In place of embryonic stem cells enter the inflammatory process occurs. If these inputs are very much, such as the President of Ukraine V. Yushchenko (see photo), increases the amount of input place of embryonic stem cells, at first blush this place has arisen because of the inflammatory process, and then there are lots of types of acne ( derived degradation products of alien cells in the immune system), and then form pockmarks. As we see in the photo, lips, nose, chin, who have more sensitive skin, and general irritation to them fastest pimples arise, the V. Yushchenko have a natural color for a given age and they do not have pockmarks. At the same time on the skin, which is less sensitive, and which were injected embryonic stem cells have the largest pit, located in a specific order.

Three. Oncogenes - embryonic stem cells are capable of forming tumors or tumor formation in the future.
Author's comments:
If embryonic stem cells are not destroyed by the human immune system, the remaining cells develop on other genetic laws than the host cell. Indeed, embryonic cells must undergo another genetic pathway than cells of the host. For example, you enter the human embryonic stem cells in the 30-35 years of age. Cells that continue to function in the body are in the process of mature state, and embryonic - at the stage of the embryo. And between them all the time will be the difference in the genetic development of about 30-35 years + 9 months. Naturally, in accordance with my eight postulate of the human genome, between these cells is dysfunction, leading to the formation of cancer at some stage of genetic development of the organism.
4. The destruction of human life.
Author's comments:
A paradox - in order to save someone's life, we must destroy the other still life originated, as well as harm the mother's body. In terms of human morality and ethics - is blasphemy. Therefore, the Christian church, and all sensible people are protesting against such an approach to human lives.

MIF.EMBRIONALNYE able to transform STEM CELLS IN ANY OUTSIDE THE FEMALE BODY

Let us consider more carefully the process of dividing the egg after fertilization. From the standpoint of classical biochemistry, after fertilization of female eggs and placing them in a woman's body, beginning a process of dividing the egg into two, then four, then 8, then 16, 32 and 64. Further, the differentiation of cells of which subsequently formed the cells of the skin, heart, brain, etc.
At the stage of simply dividing fertilized egg does not increase its volume, and is doubling the normal cells. It would seem really out of these cells may continue to receive any cell. But we must not forget that each cell does not operate by itself, but in the close community, and under the control of a common genetic system. And which of these cells will turn into a skin cell, and which in the nerve cell is controlled by a common genetic system, embodied in the genome of the egg. There is no chaos and no unguided process does not proceed, as this may further lead to serious violations of the future child. In addition, the total genetic system distributes itself between the dividing cells, in that it will then be differentiated.
Does the current administration is to take one or another specialist? Of course not. We still know very little in the process of trying to control it. Therefore, many experts who are trying to address these problems indicate that almost impossible to predict, as will occur or that the whole process and uncontrollability process itself differentiation. We also need to know that this differentiation can proceed only under the supervision of the genome most eggs. We, the separation of human embryonic stem cells, destroying the integral unity of the embryo. Therefore, from a biochemical point of view we can say that the separation of human embryonic stem cells from the embryo and the female body leads to uncontrolled genetic processes of further development of these cells. Mankind has not yet reached a level of understanding of the genome of the individual control of genetic processes in the cell, trying to get this management process into their own hands.
Therefore, we have disappointing results of a 7-year research process control differentiation of embryonic stem cells. And it will take at least another 100 - 150 years old.
To seek knowledge of the process of differentiation must first learn the control system of one or other cells, as a separate body, and in general throughout the body. We do not know yet, and already, some say they are from these stem cells can create a particular tissue.
It can only declare a layman. After all, to create a particular tissue, consisting of millions of different cells (consisting of muscle and cells and the connections with the arterial supply and venous circulatory system, with built-in nerve cells and the combined total for all operating simultaneously, and millions of biochemical processes) are needed decades.
In addition, in order to get these individual cells, such as a million, we need to collect them from the 40 000 women donors. The cost of obtaining cost us 200. 000 to 400. $ 000 per woman, but in general only the cost of raw cells to be about 10 billion $. In addition, the same cost to work with these cells specialists-professionals in the modern laboratory. The total cost of the resulting tissue from embryonic stem cells will be about 20 - 25 billion U.S. dollars. And to ensure synchronous operation of all these millions of cells in the tissue, even during the 5 years is unlikely that anyone will be able to.
As a result, we have: 40,000 female donors have a tendency to cancer, the astronomical cost of the resulting fabric, reliability is no guarantee can not, and the introduction of a patient we build it, or cancer, or rejection. As the saying goes - "Gore brought forth a mouse."
Both the theoretical and practical points of view, we have a complete absurdity.
So you can confidently assert that the existing application in this area are sham.
Indeed, many are beginning to understand, and if the first research on embryonic stem cells were given as a cutting-edge, and they invested a huge investment, we now talk about the futility of research in the field of embryonic stem cells, and investments in these studies are greatly reduced.

Where are embryonic stem cells?

Embryonic stem cells are obtained by collecting embryos from women living in the early stages of pregnancy, which developed only 5-7 days. Isolation of embryonic stem cells invariably ends with the destruction of the embryo. On the one embryo can be obtained only 16-32 of embryonic stem cells. To get them in large quantities, you must have a large number of pregnant women, the donor of these cells. For these women, donor effects of abortion can lead to hormonal disturbances, the formation of cancerous tumors in the female organs, nervous disorders, etc. Therefore, at present, these embryonic stem cells are used very rarely and are expensive.
Embryonic stem cells - another kind of alleged human embryonic stem cells, which can be obtained either from medical errors or interrupted pregnancy to 3 months of embryonic development. Naturally, this diverse set of cells as has been the developing fetus, but not embryonic and adult cells from the surface of the uterus, and therefore nothing to do with embryonic stem cells have not, because here there is already differentiated nucleated cells. Just before it is thrown away, and now are selling the waste for fabulous sums. These stem cells can supposedly get much in large quantities and the price is much lower. After contact with these adult cells have another person in a particular tissue is immediately formed an immune response. Around that cells begin to form phagocytes and other cell structures of non-specific immunity, as well as the complement system, which must destroy the alien for the body cells. There is an inflammatory purulent process for the destruction of foreign cells. As a result, those alien to your body's cells are either destroyed by the immune system, or degenerate into cancer cells.

Changes of cryopreserved stem cells. Cytokine regulation of hematopoiesis

It is known that a suspension of stem cells consist of cell populations with different sensitivities to freezing, with higher populations have krioustoychivostyu erythroid cells, and in fact GSK. At the same time, the monocyte-macrophage cells in the first place affect the direction of differentiation and proliferation rate of erythroid progenitor cell number (Kozlov, 1984).

Thus, after cryopreservation of stem cells in the suspension increases the relative content of more than krioustoychivyh populations, in particular, stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells of erythroid series. At the same time the ability of these cells to perceive and respond to regulatory impact monocyte-macrophage elements after cryopreservation does not change.

Therefore, the population perdshestvennikov erythropoiesis, responsive to regulatory signals emanating from the monocyte-macrophage cells after cryopreservation becomes dominant, which defines an undesirable shift in the direction of differentiation of erythroid cells. In addition, the effects of cryopreservation of HSCs may be clustering, the lateral separation of the components of membranes, changing the topography of the receptors and their partial loss, reversible changes in the properties of receptors and receptor zones, which receive regulatory signals.

Change in the physico-chemical properties of membranes can be explained by an increase in the number of adherent monocyte-macrophage cells cryopreserved HSC (up to 30-35% compared with 3-5% native adhered cells). Due to the reversibility of changes in physical-chemical properties of the membranes of cryopreserved HSC after thawing increases the share of HSC, which receive regulatory signals monocyte-macrophage elements. Nevertheless, the authors note that all the described changes of cryopreserved HSC reversible and disappear when exposure of cells both in the in vitro, and in vivo (Tsutsaeva et al, 2002).


Cytokine regulation of hematopoiesis deserves a more detailed analysis, since the maturation of progenitor cells and the release of differentiated cells in the blood is largely determined not only hematopoietic microenvironment (stromal cells of the set, located on the endosteal surface of the bone marrow cavity), but also a complex regulatory effects of cytokines, which include colony factors and interleukins. Most of them are produced by bone marrow cells and autoimmune paracrine effect.
But there are systemic endocrine regulators of hematopoiesis plan, such as thrombopoietin eritrogenin and synthesized in the kidney and liver (Vatutin et al, 2003).

Growth and differentiation of cells of all, without exception, organs and tissues of the human body are regulated by cytokines or interleukins, which is a feature of their functional pleiotropy. Every single cytokine showing a wide variety of biological effects in different tissues and cells, and many different cytokines overlap with each other on the impact of certain cells. Functional pleiotropy and redundancy effects associated with the peculiarities of the molecular organization of cytokine receptor systems (Tupitsyn, 2001).

Effects of cytokines based on their binding to specific cell membrane receptors. Receptors for growth factors early in the widely available on the surface of various cell types. Receptors for SCF (CD117) found on the surface of embryonic stem cells, stem cells of regional, partially and fully kommitirovannyh hematopoietic progenitor cells, mast cells, melanocytes, fetal neural cells (Nathan, Ziff, 1994).

In particular, the expression of VEGF receptor is the earliest marker for hemangioblasts education. It is shown that cells with a phenotype Flkl +, derived from embryonic stem cells give rise not only hematopoietic cells but also two types of cells that form the basis of blood vessels both in the in vitro, and in vivo. These data indicate for the future use of pluripotent stem cells for the construction of vascular tissue (D'Amore, 2000). In general, it appears that the fine regulation of the cellular response to cytokine stimulation depends not only on themselves cytokines, but on what receptors are expressed on the target cell at the time of regulatory impact.