California Stem Cell Scientific Advisory Board Chairman Hans Keirstead To Speak At Acclaimed TEDxOrangeCoast Conference

California Stem Cell, Inc. (CSC) scientific advisory board chairman Hans S. Keirstead, Ph.D. will be among a notable group forward-thinking innovators, designers, educators, technologists, and socially concerned leaders who will speak at the 2012 TEDxOrangeCoast event in Costa Mesa on October 10.One of the world’s foremost stem cell researchers, Dr. Keirstead has pioneered several stem cell-based medical discoveries and policies, and founded the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center at UC Irvine. At TEDxOrangeCoast, he will highlight what it takes to overcome obstacles and succeed when translating stem cell discoveries into therapeutic reality. TEDxOrangeCoast will bring the spirit of the popular TED series to Orange County’s Segerstrom Center for the Arts, with more than 1500 guests expected to attend. Millions more will view video coverage of the event. “Stem cells have a greater potential than any other medical discovery to date,” said Keirstead. “They lie at the crossroads of academia, industry, government and religion. I am excited to have this opportunity to share my perspective on this incredible field.” Additional information regarding Dr. Keirstead and California Stem Cell’s pioneering work focused on creating stem cell-based therapies for patients suffering from cancer and life-threatening brain and spinal cord conditions, is available at http://californiastemcell.com/cgi-bin/pressrel About California Stem Cell California Stem Cell Inc. (CSC) is an Irvine, CA-based company with proprietary methods to generate human stem cell lines, expand them to clinically and commercially useful numbers, and differentiate them at extremely high purity using fully-defined, proprietary media and GMP processes. CSC is able to supply its human cell populations to companies and institutions worldwide for use in the development of therapies, efficacy screening or the creation of toxicity profiles for candidate drugs, and experimental research tools. CSC is currently focused on the development of stem cell-based therapies for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s Disease), and metastatic cancers. Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/castemcell About TEDx, x = independently organized event In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized. (Subject to certain rules and regulations.) About TED TED is a nonprofit organization devoted to Ideas Worth Spreading. Started as a four-day conference in California 25 years ago, TED has grown to support those world-changing ideas with multiple initiatives. The annual TED Conference invites the world’s leading thinkers and doers to speak for 18 minutes. Their talks are then made available, free, at TED.com. TED speakers have included Bill Gates, Al Gore, Jane Goodall, Elizabeth Gilbert, Sir Richard Branson, Nandan Nilekani, Philippe Starck, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Isabel Allende and former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The annual TED Conference takes place each spring in Long Beach, California, along with the TEDActive simulcast in Palm Springs; the annual TEDGlobal conference is held each summer in Edinburgh, Scotland. TED’s media initiatives include TED.com, where new TEDTalks are posted daily, the recently launched TED-Ed platform for students and educators, the Open Translation Project, which provides subtitles and interactive transcripts as well as the ability for any TEDTalk to be translated by volunteers worldwide, and TEDBooks, short e-books by speakers that elaborate on a single idea originally presented on TED’s stage. TED has established the annual TED Prize, where exceptional individuals with a wish to change the world are given the opportunity to put their wishes into action; TEDx, which offers individuals or groups a way to host local, self-organized events around the world, and the TED Fellows program, helping world-changing innovators from around the globe to become part of the TED community and, with its help, amplify the impact of their remarkable projects and activities.

UCI стволовых клеток, лечение впервые в мире

Терапии острого повреждения спинного мозга разработанный ученым UC Irvine станет первым клинических испытаний в мире лечения с использованием эмбриональных стволовых клеток человека. Корпорация Geron из Менло-Парк объявил в пятницу, что за продуктами и лекарствами США одобрило планы по проведению первого этапа клинических испытаний пациенты в ряде мест в Соединенных Штатах. Терапия была создана UC Irvine ученый Ханс Keirstead и его коллега, Габриэль Нистор. "Это первый для спинного поля мозга, сначала для стволовых клеток поля", Keirstead заявил в пятницу. "Самое главное, что это победа для пациента сообщества, которые действительно негде повернуться. Есть никаких методов лечения травмы спинного мозга ». Лечения, успешно крыс, позволяющий человеческие эмбриональные стволовые клетки для создания новых тканей вокруг нейроны повреждены травмы спинного мозга, восстановление двигательной функции - возможно, в том числе позволяющие людям с парализованными ногами ходить. Она работает только с "острой" травмы - те, что произошло в течение 14 дней лечения - хотя Keirstead работает на аналогичной лечения хронического повреждения спинного мозга. В то время как драматические результаты, такие как возможность парализованных ходить Возможно, Keirstead сказал, что он также может быть доволен "дополнительных" Результат: восстановление кишечника, половой или сенсорной функции, например. Эмбриональные стволовые клетки человека. Фото предоставлено Кристи Hohenstein. "Думаю, что это будет означать только, чтобы получить использование большого пальца назад," сказал он. "Вы бы перейти от состояния полной и абсолютной зависимости к состоянию, когда вы можете управлять своим собственным инвалидным креслом, где можно ввести или работать с техникой, чтобы получить себя из постели по утрам." Geron в суде было отложено по FDA после первоначального одобрения в прошлом году, заявив, что необходимо пересмотреть больше данных безопасности. Keirstead сказал утверждении клинических испытаний выполняет обещание из Калифорнийского института регенеративной медицины, $ 3 млрд стволовых клеток инициативе одобрен избирателями Калифорнии в 2004 году. "Это неоспоримое доказательство того, что CIRM поставляет на обещании лечения с помощью стволовых клеток," Keirstead сказал. В заявлении Geron сказал целых семь медицинских центров по всей стране примут участие в клинических испытаниях, и что они будут названы, поскольку они "приходят в интернет и готовы записаться субъектов в исследовании." Эмбриональные стволовые клетки обладают потенциалом, чтобы стать много различных видов клеток в организме человека. Не только травмы спинного мозга, но болезнь Паркинсона, болезнь Альцгеймера и различные другие условия могут в один прекрасный день лечить с помощью стволовых клеток. Такое исследование может вызвать споры, когда стволовые клетки, полученные из человеческих эмбрионов, даже те, суждено быть отброшены - например, избыток эмбрионов, хранящихся в клиниках фертильности.

Stem-cell pioneer takes aim at M.S.

The decades-long dream of treating debilitating injury and illness with stem cells is quickly becoming reality. The world’s first test on patients of a treatment using human embryonic stem cells has cleared a year of safety trials with no adverse effects, according to Geron Corp. Meanwhile, a second clinical trial of another stem-cell treatment has begun in Switzerland. Both treatments target spinal cord injuries, and both were developed by scientists at UC Irvine. Stem cells have the potential to develop into a variety of cell types within the body. Some are derived from embryos, stirring controversy, but their promise is undeniable: allowing the paralyzed to walk, or reversing degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or multiple sclerosis. Hans Keirstead, whose treatment for acute spinal cord injuries became the world’s first clinical trial using human embryonic stem cells, is pushing ahead to develop new treatments, and to increase the number of people who could be helped by those already being tested. Q. Are you doing further work on the stem-cell treatment for acute spinal-cord injury? A. I’m doing a lot of work in order to expand the patient population that might benefit from the treatment. I recently published a paper (about using) the treatment around the neck. Before we showed only that it worked down near the stomach, the thoracic region. We have to show that it works in rats before the FDA will allow us to go into humans. I published a paper showing it works just as well in the cervical (neck) region, as in the thoracic. I’m pretty happy about that.

Q. And you have new research efforts underway? A. I’m working on two new projects, and I’m really excited about them. Both are on chronic (long term) spinal-cord injuries. One involves getting rid of the scar that forms after an injury. If you get rid of the scar, that would make an old injury a young injury again. Therefore, you could apply all these new technologies that are emerging to treat acute (short term) spinal cord injury. It looks like we’ve been able to do it in a dish. We’ve grown spinal cord cells in a dish, we’ve made them become scarred, and we’re able to reverse that scar in a dish. Now we move on to rats. One thing that is very interesting: if it’s successful, this treatment also could be amenable to treatment of multiple sclerosis, which is a brain auto-immune disease, where one’s own immune system attacks the brain, and causes scarring. We would use the same approach to reverse the scarring, remove the scarring. This is one of the greatest challenges in central nervous system regeneration research. No one has been able to come close to doing it. It remains untouched. Q. Where does the scarring occurr in M.S.? A. Multiple places, various areas. Random areas. It would also be advantageous in the treatment of brain injuries and stroke, which also accumulate scars. The spinal cord tissue itself scars. Q. You’ve also worked on a treatment for spinal muscular atrophy, which typically kills children in their first years of life. A. It’s beyond the university now (an Irvine company called California Stem Cell is now working to prepare the treatment for its first clinical trial). The university is a place for innovation and invention; companies are a place for commercial development. Q. What is the second research initiative? A. The second one is a combination of what I think are two of the greatest developments in regeneration research. Oswald Steward at the UCI Reeve-Irvine Research Center recently took a technique, invented at Harvard, and moved it into spinal cord injury. He showed that he can get the spinal cord to grow better than it’s ever been able to grow before. How he did it is how everyone in the world is doing it using transgenic animals. They alter the genome of the entire animal in order to get it done. Clearly, you can’t do that in a human. What I’m doing is combining that technique into stem cells. You can, in effect, supercharge stem cell growth, then put them into an animal — soon, hopefully, with a human. We take this trick of supercharging the growth properties of the cell. Instead of applying it to the entire animal, we’re applying it only to the stem cells. I describe it to students as ‘stem cells on steroids.’ Genetic manipulation causes the stem cells to grow extraordinarily well. It would mean that transplanted cells would be able to grow quicker, and therefore also avoid scarring. Spinal cord injury is followed by a degenerative cascade, which involves disruption of blood and the death of many spinal cord cells, which releases toxins. Transplanted cells are prone to those same killers. By supercharging them, we may be able to allow them to integrate into the spinal cord, and survive that degenerative cascade. They may be able to knit the spinal cord together over greater distances. This would be a fundamental leap for the field, and could be applied to every transplant technique within the nervous system.

Dysfunction of stem structures of a brain

Palpitation, breath, temperature mode and appetite – is responsible for these vital functions a trunk of a brain which is on a site between a spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres. As a result of a craniocereberal trauma (including at childbirth) or after the ignored concussion the neurologist or the osteostalemate – can diagnose for the child or for the adult patient such violation as dysfunction of stem structures of a brain. The term dysfunction of a trunk of a brain testifies to problems in work of this department, and consequences can be the most unpleasant. To reveal deviations at early stages, follows in the first weeks after the birth of the kid or right after an injury of the head to seem to an osteostalemate. The last will be able quickly to reveal violations and to offer the individual scheme of treatment. Dysfunction of a trunk of a brain – reversible violation which can be eliminated literally for some sessions thanks to restoration of a full-fledged blood-groove and natural mobility of brain structures.

What diseases can be determined by nails

Nails can tell about a state of your health

Your nails can tell a lot of things about a state of your health. Faded, turned white, with abnormal pink or yellow hypostasis, spotty or wavy nails can be a symptom of a serious disease. Problems of a liver, lungs and heart can be shown in appearance of your nails, writes e-news.com.ua. Find out, what secrets can open your nails. The faded, decoloured nails. Very light or white nails are often tied with aging. But they also can be a symptom of serious diseases, such as: Anemia; Stagnant warm insufficiency; Liver diseases; General malnutrition or malyabsorbtion; White nails. If at the basis nails generally white color with dark strips, it can indicate problems with a liver, for example, hepatitis. Besides, it is often possible to notice the turned yellow nails and fingers - one more sign of problems with a liver. Yellow nails. One of the most common causes of yellowing of nails - a fungoid infection. As the infection progresses, the nail bed can exfoliate, and nails can be thickened and crumble. In rare instances yellow nails can testify to more serious conditions, such, as a serious illness of a thyroid gland, diseases of lungs, diabetes and psoriasis. Bluish nails. Bluish or violet (so-called tsianotichny) the shade of nails can mean that the organism doesn't receive oxygen enough. It can indicate an infectious disease of lungs, for example, on pneumonia. The nail which has turned blue at the basis, can appear a symptom of diabetes. Ridge nails. If the surface of a nail is dimply or wrinkled, it can appear an early symptom of psoriasis or inflammatory arthritis. At arthritis it is observed also decolouration of nails, a general malaise, and skin under nails gets a henna-red shade. Psoriasis (inflammatory disease of skin) in 10% of cases begins with defeat of nails. The fragile, burst, being stratified nails. Dry, fragile nails, it is frequent with deep longitudinal cracks, are connected with diseases of a thyroid gland. Disintegration or nail stratifying in combination with a yellowish shade are more probable at a fungoid infection. Edematous nail roller. If skin round a nail swelled up a little and reddened, it is defined as a nail inflammation. Puffiness can be result of a system red volchanka or other disease of connecting fabric. Dark strips under nails. Dark lines under nails have to be investigated as soon as possible. Sometimes they can be caused by a melanoma - the most dangerous form of a cancer of skin. Obgryzennye nails. Kusaniye of nails can be no more, than bad habit, but in certain cases is a sign of the prolonged disturbing condition demanding treatment. Obkusyvaniye and an obshchipyvaniye of nails happens is also connected with obsessivno-compulsive frustration. If you can't restrain, it should be discussed with the doctor.

Correspondent: The menu from the future. That people of Earth through some tens years will eat

Through some tens years already nobody will be confused by roast from grasshoppers: the mankind looks for an exit from global food crisis to which conduct population growth, shortage of natural resources and climate change, - Alexey Bondarev writes to No. 32 of the Correspondent magazine of August 17, 2012.

The phrase "British scientists" got in recent years a comical color in connection with a number of amusing researches which on pleasure

to a yellow press are conducted from time to time by scientists of Foggy Albion. For example, the press and numerous bloggers can't simply pass by such basic researches, as the device of an ideal sandwich, statistics on sexual orientation of breakers of rules of traffic and influence of color of a form of football players on quality of their game. Many inhabitants of the western countries grew, eating cheap meat, - the scientist speaks. - If meat becomes luxury, its shortage should be replaced with other products somehow Jokes on validity of local scientists are popular and in the Great Britain. Last year one of the largest newspapers accompanied news about the next outstanding opening by the following summary: "The British scientists found out that if the news text on the Internet begins with words the British scientists found out, 70% of people will believe in any nonsense which is written further in the text". Despite such reputation, many staff of the British universities still works over quite serious problems, and their some works are the best in the areas. In August of this year the group of the British scientists published results of research which in many respects shook representations about not so long-term future of mankind. About this scientific work considered as the debt to write all largest news agencies and mass media of caliber of BBC and The Times. Having analysed growth of population of a planet, a rise in prices for the food and climate changes, analysts came to an unfavourable conclusion that in two decades the mankind will already eat at all as today. Basic element of a modern diet, about what region or the country there would be a speech, is a meat. With it also will arise most of all problems, Morgan Gay, one of authors of research claims. Meat price continuously grows in the last ten years and while nothing foretells delay of this growth Meat price continuously grows in the last ten years and while nothing foretells delay of this growth. In July, 2011 of meat price reached an absolute record. It is more than that, according to forecasts of experts, in the closest five-seven years of meat price in the majority of the countries of the world will grow still twice. And actually it becomes luxury goods, concludes Gay. "Many inhabitants of the western countries grew, eating cheap meat, - the scientist speaks. - If meat becomes luxury, its shortage should be replaced somehow with other products". But with what and how? Here the main question which was raised before themselves by British, having offered some options of succession of events. Any of them conducts to huge changes in a habitual diet and even a way of life, the American biologist David Mancini speaks. Stake from grasshoppers According to Geya, the mini-cattle will be the most probable candidate for a role of a relief of meat in a diet of the modern person - exactly so scientists call insects.

Leukocytosis: FOUNDATIONS OF CLINICAL SURVEY

Breviary N. Abramson, B. Melton Am Fam Physician 2000; 62:2053-60 Leukocytosis - the presence in the blood of more than 11 × / 109 / L, white blood cells - often discover during a routine laboratory examination. Increasing the number of white blood cells usually displays a normal response of the bone marrow to the infectious or inflammatory process. Sometimes leukocytosis is a manifestation of the primary disease of the bone marrow associated with the synthesis, maturation and death (apoptosis) of white blood cells, which leads to leukemia and myeloproliferative diseases. Often, family doctors can establish the etiology of leukocytosis by history and physical examination, together with the results of the expanded blood count.

Synthesis, maturation and survival of leukocytes Of the common progenitor cells - stem cells located in the bone marrow, are like erythroblasts and myeloblasts megakarioblasty. 3/4 of all bone marrow cells that contain nuclei related to the synthesis of leukocytes. As a result of the proliferation and differentiation of these stem cells produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes and lymphocytes. Every day is synthesized approximately 1.6 billion granulocytes per kg body weight, 50-75% of which are neutrophils. More often increase in neutrophils (neutrophilia) than eosinophils and basophils. On the maturation of white blood cells in the bone marrow and their release into the circulating bed koloniostimuliruyuschie influence factors, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and complement components. Approximately 90% of the white blood cells are in custody in the bone marrow, 2-3% - circulate in the blood, and 7-8% are located in the tissues of the body. The cells contained in the bone marrow, are divided into two populations: those that are in the phase of DNA synthesis and maturation, and cell depot, awaiting its release into the circulation. With depot mature cells the body can respond quickly to the need for leukocytes, increasing their number doubled or tripled in just 4-5 hours. In the reaction of the bone marrow to infection or inflammation of the majority of the cells are polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Pool of circulating neutrophils is divided into two classes: those cells circulate freely, and others - are placed along the walls of blood vessels. With stimulation caused infection, inflammation, influence of drugs or metabolic toxins latter cells leave the depot and replenish freely circulating pool. As soon as the white blood cell enters the tsirkulyartornoe course and tissue survival of the cell is only a few hours. The life span of leukocytes is 11-16 days, most of which goes to mature and remain in custody in the bone marrow. The etiology of leukocytosis A survey on the leucocytosis begins with differentiation of two main reasons: 1) the proper response of normal bone marrow to external stimuli, and 2) the primary manifestations of the disease of the bone marrow. Physiological mechanisms of leukocytosis are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Pathophysiological mechanisms of leukocytosis The normal reaction of the bone marrow • Infection • Inflammation: necrosis, stroke, burns, arthritis • Stress: excessive stress, cramps, anxiety, anesthesia • The remedy: corticosteroids, lithium, β-agonists • Trauma: splenektomiya • Hemolytic anemia • leukemoid reaction Pathological reaction of the bone marrow • Acute leukemia • Chronic leukemia • Myeloproliferative disease Leukocytosis with normal bone marrow function In most cases, leukocytosis results from normal bone marrow response to infection or inflammation, the majority of cells - polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Circulating PMN and less mature forms (for example, a stick-nucleated cells and meta-myelocytes) migrate to the site of injury or infection. This process is accompanied by the release of leukocytes from the depot ("left shift"). Leukocytosis inflammatory genesis occurs when tissue necrosis, heart attack, burns and arthritis. Leukocytosis may also occur due to physical or emotional stress. This is a transient process that is not associated with the synthesis in bone marrow or release into the circulation of immature cells. Stress is leukocytosis with excessive stress, cramps, anxiety, anesthesia, and the appointment of adrenaline and disappears for several hours after the removal of a provoking factor. The remedy, splenektomiya, hemolytic anemia, and malignant diseases can also cause leukocytosis. Medications that commonly cause leukocytosis: corticosteroids, lithium and β-agonists. Splenektomiya causes transient leukocytosis, which lasts a few weeks or months. Hemolytic anemia with increased synthesis of red blood cells are non-specific increase in the synthesis and release of circulating white blood cells, it is believed that this is due to the action of growth factors. Cancers are also factors leukocytosis (and sometimes thrombocytosis) tumor nonspecifically stimulates the bone marrow to synthesize white blood cells. Overreaction to the side of leukocytes (ie, leukocytosis over 50 × / 109 / l) due to the action of factors beyond the borders of the bone marrow, called "leukemoid reaction." Usually it is caused by relatively benign processes (eg, infection or inflammation), although the most serious, though, and the rarest factor may be the malignant process. As mentioned, the increase in the number of neutrophils is the most common cause of leukocytosis, but also may increase the number and other subpopulations of leukocytes (eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes).

DO STEM CELL CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE?

Many diseases are accompanied by cell death, the body can not naturally replaced. Sometimes cells die suddenly, such as myocardial infarction. In other cases, the process is slow and inevitable, such as Alzheimer's disease. Most clinical perspective stem cells (which are the equivalent of a reduction of energy for the body) - is that they can be made by specialized, ie, they will be replacing the body's cells that were lost due to disease.

However, quite a difficult obstacle to scientific point of view, ethics and even the intervention of politicians slowed progress in this field for more than ten years. However, over the past two years there has been a marked shift in the field through a series of remarkable discoveries: suddenly be possible to create cells that have the potential of embryonic stem cells without the use of embryos. This made it possible to eliminate most of the ethical issues related to research in the field of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are characterized by two extraordinary properties that make them potentially useful for practical applications in medicine. First, they are "pluripotent", that is the ability to turn into any type of specialized cells of the body: myocardial cells, pumping blood, acid-cells of the gastric mucosa, the light-sensitive cells of the retina, or brain cells that retain information. Second, embryonic stem cells have the ability to continuously divide and create unlimited copies of their fellow cells - is the most important property, because to replace cells lost due to disease, there is a need for a huge number of new ones. The scientists also studied stem cells in adults. In such studies, no ethical issues arise, as in the case of embryonic stem cells, because they do not use human embryos. Bone marrow and organs such as the heart and liver, contain adult stem cells. These cells can differentiate into most cells of the body in which they are located. Adult stem cells are specialized cells replace the dead, since most specialized cells are incapable of natural reproduction. However, adult stem cells in most organs can not provide a complete replacement of the cells in the case of the massive damage in a number of diseases, although researchers are working to change this. Also of note is that adult stem cells are not pluripotent: Unlike embryonic stem cells, they are not able to grow into any cell of the body. The unique properties of embryonic stem cells is difficult to use for medical purposes. Ideally, patients who needed treatment for stem cells would have to get their own, genetically identical stem cells, because then they will not be attacked by the immune system of the patient, as foreign. However, embryonic stem cells, there are only a short period of time, namely during the first two weeks after conception. In addition, stem cells from embryos that are used for programs fertilization in vitro, to be genetically different from the patient's cells, which increases the risk of rejection of the immune system, and thus to suppress the immune response will require potentially toxic treatments. The use of embryonic stem cells is also fraught with ethical issues, as some people believe that an embryo can be implanted with the potential to make it developed into a fetus has the moral status of the person and therefore it can not be destroyed, no matter how great a benefit it could someone would bring. In 2001, President Bush limited federal funding for the then existing embryonic stem cell lines, that is, government money is not allowed to spend on studies, which implied the destruction of embryos. However, the newly-elected U.S. President Obama said that he will change the policy of the Government in the field of research. A possible solution to overcome such difficult obstacles, is the proposal of the Japanese researchers. They asked a simple, albeit non-standard question: can I get a specialized cell back to an embryonic stem cell, or even in cells with the exceptional properties that have embryonic stem cells? In each cell there are genes predetermine the structure and functions of each particular cell. Although all human specialized cells, like embryonic stem cells, have the exact same set of genes in each cell type "on" different genes. In other words, embryonic stem cells are transformed into specialized cells because certain genes are "switched on", while others "turned off." In 2006, a team of researchers at Kyoto University led by Shinya Yamanaka, used a powerful and relatively new technology to determine which genes are "on" and which are "off" in a specific cell type. Using this technology for research on embryonic stem cells and specialized cells, Yamanaka's team identified a number of genes in mice, which were always "on" in embryonic stem cells, but not in specialized cells. Then in late 2007, a group Yamanaka with a group of American scientists led by James Thomson of the University of Wisconsin and George Daley of Harvard, testified that the "inclusion" of four genes in human skin cells resulted in reversion of these cells into cells resembling embryonic stem cells. They called these new cells induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Like embryonic stem cells, iPS cells had the ability to transform into any type of specialized cells, as well as self-reproduction to an infinite number of copies. Thus, has become theoretically possible for anyone to create their own stem cells that are genetically identical and have all the potential to own long-lost human embryonic stem cells. In addition, the adult cells to be transformed into iPS cells can be easily obtained by biopsy of the skin or other surface tissues. And, very importantly, iPS cells can be generated by avoiding the creation and destruction of embryos, which allows you to bypass the moral barriers to the use of embryonic stem cells. However, it should be noted that, despite the importance of such a breakthrough in this area, therapy using iPS cells is still not a prospect near future. Still need to find answers to important questions and develop new technologies. The ability of cells to turn into any type of cell in the laboratory does not guarantee that using such cells can be successfully treated animal or human disease in the experiment. However, Rudolf Jaenisch testified that because iPS quite successfully treated sickle cell anemia in mice and Parkinson's disease in rats. However, the treatment is effective in rodents, do not always work in humans, however, they are often still active. It should also be noted that two of the four genes that were originally used to create iPS cells, are oncogenes that could turn iPS cells into malignant cells. In addition, for the transfer of the four genes in specialized cells used a retrovirus, which also carries a risk of becoming iPS cells into malignant cells. However, in late 2008, scientists reported that iPS cells can be created without the use of both oncogenes and retroviruses. In 2009, many laboratories are working on the modification of existing technologies to create iPS cells to make them as safe and effective. Another potential problem: how iPS cells created in the laboratory, safely move into the affected organ located inside the body? And if we can move them back if they can harmoniously "worked" with the healthy cells of the body? These questions are important and they do not have an answer. One of the facts that scientists have learned through the use of bone marrow transplantation (a type of stem cell therapy, is widely used for 30 years), is that the cells injected into the bloodstream, find their way to the appropriate place in the body and, once there, can respond to the body's own cells that surround them, starting to work in harmony with them. However, for certain organs is not so simple. For example, the heart. Suppose that due to myocardial infarction millions died of myocardial cells. After that, the patient's bloodstream introduced millions created iPS cells. Will they find a way to your heart? And even if found, it will take a correct position, and whether in the long term decline in unison with the unaffected healthy cardiomyocytes? If not, whether this will lead to arrhythmia? If these cells, in addition to heart, get into another body, it will not cause harm? The only way to find the answer to these questions - is the way of trial and error, first in animals and then in humans. In addition to treatment, iPS cells can also help to find the cause. Several research groups from Harvard created iPS cells based on the tissues of patients with different genetic diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and type 1 diabetes. Because iPS cells can reproduce indefinitely, it allows you to create and study cells with genetic defects that determine the disease. The researchers also asked the question, whether there will be an opportunity to transform one type of specialized adult cells into iPS cells without creating another. This is considered unlikely until August 2008, when a team of scientists from the Harvard-led Douglas Melton transformed pancreatic cells not producing insulin, insulin-producing cells in live mice, which allowed to treat diabetes in this mouse. According to the materials of foreign publications prepared Volodymyr Pavlyuk

Japanese are replaced with artificial grafts immunity

Scientists from Japan spoke about the fact that they are trying to replace part of the immune system of artificial grafts. Studies have been completed successfully. The results showed that all the Japanese doctors who want to have a high-tech spleen and lymph nodes, they can provide. In experiments with mice, biologists from Kyoto University have shown that artificial lymph nodes are not worse than this, actually. To create a lymph node scientists used matrix (sponge) of the polymer and bone marrow stem cells. Previously they have made stem cells a few genetic modifications. Experimental lymph node biologists transplanted in mice, the renal capsule. Three weeks polymeric sponge producing cells, and the structure of the site has evolved and acquired features of the structure, typical for a healthy lymph node. Scientists have shown that artificial lymph nodes even participate in the immune response, forming B cells, T cells and memory cells. The spleen is removed from the body the bacteria and foreign particles, and in contact with the blood of foreign antigens allows the immune response - producing cells. According to Japanese researchers, artificial lymph nodes prove useful for patients with cancer, aging and just people who have to be naturally reduced immunity. Scientists say that in recent years gathered enough scientific data needed to finally create an artificial lymphoid tissues and organs that are suitable for clinical practice

Male baldness: the process - reversible

Knowledge - force. American scientists finally get to the real reasons men untimely loss of their hair. Hopefully, this knowledge will make morally stronger than those who have not yet learned to put up with his thinning hair past zero. Male baldness: the process - is reversible. Bald? Do not believe your eyes! In fact, the concept of baldness is largely arbitrary. Yes, the hair falls out, but in their place, as judged by the presence of roots, always appear new. True, the quality of the "new hair" is largely inferior to "gone" - weak, lifeless and ... are so small that they can be seen only under a microscope. The reason for that - a defect of stem cells, significant problems with their activation. New knowledge opens up space for the imagination of scientists. If you invent a nearly magic cream and use it to transform stem cells, normal hair color vzrastut like to order. Hair from the "function" of migration You say, it sounds fable? Perhaps if we take into account the fact that for years the same scientists previously associated with hair loss male hormone testosterone. With hefty medical Talmud and the world stands scale medsobrany broadcast: baldness is inherited, it is triggered by exposure to radiation and medication. And, as a sentence: a universal means to cure or prevent hair loss not. It seemed that the guy does not want to put up with a bald head, one way: to move hair from behind - the "front" of the head. Almost panacea Hair loss can be avoided! At least we should try to lower the level of stress a few utterly life, if possible, to say "no" to the physical and emotional stress. For the sake of lush mane is to offer sacrifice - to give up smoking and alcohol. With caution and only after consultation with a doctor to take antibiotics. Remove from her wardrobe hairpieces, wigs, hats close - they impede blood flow, are the cause of hair loss. Cost control your weight - fat accumulation of little help, but in the blood cholesterol levels, which may, on occasion, clog the sebaceous and sweat glands. The victims will certainly be justified if the gray hair to be able to keep and own peace of mind, and the hair. Let them "joy - twisted, grief whipped." The main thing that they - are.

Blood types arose for protection against viruses

As scientists from University of Bath believe, the person could get the enzymes defining a blood type, at bacteria – they were necessary to interfere with distribution of viruses to populations. Erythrocytes in blood of the person are covered with carbohydrate structures which call gliko-anti-genes. The phenotype of these anti-genes determines a blood type by AB0 system. A-positive people have the antibodies resisting to gliko-anti-genes of group B, B-positive have anti-And and anti-0, 0-positive – anti-A and anti-B. These antibodies don't exist at the beginning of organism formation, and appear with intestinal bacteria which make eritrotsitarny anti-genes. Viruses in a cover bear part of a membrane of a cage owner which contains anti-genes of blood types. As a result, if the virus arrives from an A-positive organism in B-or 0-positive, the immune system kills him etc.

Gliko-antigena consist of groups of enzymes – гликозилтрансфераз. Scientists investigated three-dimensional structure of a molecule гликозилтрансферазы from an intestinal bacterium of Bacteroides ovatus. It appeared that it has the structure similar with maternal, though possesses functional differences (its working capacity doesn't depend on ions). They show that maternal enzyme could occur from bacterial as a result of a horizontal transfer of genes (passing a specific barrier), instead of by vertical (from generation to generation). It is supposed that genes of bacterial enzyme were introduced in an organism of the ancestor of modern vertebrata, and from them there was an enzyme of the person as a security measure from viruses. Article with this conclusion is published by scientists in the Scientific Reports magazine.

Scientists learned not to start up HIV in immune system

tratScientists from Barcelona defined the mechanism of peneion of HIV in immune system. Besides, they managed to block this "entrance" and to prevent virus distribution, writes La Vanguardia. Today while it is difficult to imagine opening potential, but it is possible to hope that in 10 years the medicine blocking transfer to HIV in a human body will be developed, notes the edition. Earlier it was found out that HIV is capable to hide in the cages dendrites protecting immune system, and through them to infect lymphatic fabric. Now Barcelonian scientists described a molecule of dendrites which serves as "entrance" in a cage.

Opening in the future can lead to development of a preparation for HIV treatment at early stages or even protection from it. According to scientists, theoretically this mechanism is useful and for prevention of transfer of other viruses — for example, htlv-1, the causative agent of leukemia.

Stem cells used for a medicine assessment

Researchers from Jones Hopkins's University reported about concrete steps on a way of use of stem cells for studying of action of drugs on cells of a sick organism, reports Science Daily. The work described in the last number Nature Biotechnology, began a few years ago with studying of possibility of testing of experimental preparations on the specialized sick cells which have been grown up from induced plyuripotentny stem cells (iPSCs). Gabsan Li (Gabsang Lee) with colleagues then was withdrawn by skin cells from the person with an infrequent genetic disease, Riley-Day's syndrome. The choice of this disease was bound to that it affects only one type of nervous cells, to allocate which a traditional biopsy it is almost impossible. In experiments on verification of the concept scientists by means of known biochemical factors (they are called as Yamanaka's factors) reprogrammed skin cells in the induced plyuripotentny stem cells, capable to turn into cells of different specialization, and received from them nervous cells. "We can't study nervous cells directly, but this approach allowed us to see for the first time what exactly occurs at disease development", - Whether speaks. One of symptoms of a syndrome of Riley-Day - the lowered painful sensitivity, till 30 years lives only a half of patients.

Whether in recent research with colleagues from Memorial hospital Sloan Kettering used the same laboratorno grown-up nervous cells of a syndrome of Riley-Day for screening of seven thousand preparations. By means of the robot programmed on the analysis of their effect, scientists managed to identify quickly eight bonds for the subsequent testing, and only one - SKF-86466 - showed undoubted ability to stop or turn a course of a disease at cellular level. As Gabsan Li explained, clinical tests of SKF-86466 are impossible because of small number of patients with Riley-Day's syndrome in the world, but instead of this bond it is possible to use very similar preparation allowed for use on other indications.

Nanoconveyors of drugs in cancer cells are created in Russia

The molecule, capable to deliver drugs in the core of a cell, including affected by cancer process, is developed in Russia, is spoken in the report of the director of Institute of biology of a gene of the Russian Academy of Sciences of academician George Georgiyev and the head of the laboratory of molecular genetics of intracellular transport Alexander Sobolev. Such "supplier" does treatment at least one thousand times more effective in comparison with usual therapy, transfers ITAR-TASS. "As a serious call for those who frames specific and effective remedies of treatment, the paradoxical situation serves. It is at the same time necessary to use so-called superficial molecular markers to provide cellular specificity of medicine whereas achievement of maximum efficiency demands medicine delivery in a cell, in its certain part", - Alexander Sobolev told. For anticancerogenic agents such delivery has to be carried out usually immediately in a core, the scientist specified. But for this purpose it is necessary to frame a certain transport of medicine in the right place, uniting to two inconsistent demand. "We developed the modular nanoconveyors (MNT), allowing to achieve it", - Sobolev noted.

For this purpose from different natural molecules separate modules were taken and bridged in himerny, speaking to words of scientists, artificial protein about 10 nanometers in size. It also is MNT, and all modules keep the functions in its structure. MNT after intravenous administration collect mainly in tumoral cells, and in them – mainly in cores. Besides, these conveyors are a little toxic and almost immunogens. Thanks to it drugs for photodynamic therapy of a cancer – so-called photosensitinogens (FS), – delivered by the nanoconveyor in cancer cells, appear by 1000-3000 times more effective in comparison with free FS. So, for example, therapy of the epidermoid carcinoma of the person inoculated to mice with application of MNT causes an appreciable growth inhibition of a tumor and provides survival of 75% of mice with tumors while usual, free FS yields result only in 20%. Similar results were received and when using other antitumoral preparations. "High efficiency of therapy with application of various MNT allows to raise a question of possibility of application of conveyors of this sort for treatment of malignant neoplasms in clinic", - researchers emphasized. Now preclinical tests of MNT come to the end.

Biologists found out a parentage of cells candelabrums

The American scientists from laboratory Kold Spring Harbor established a clonal parentage of cells candelabrums, the neurones of a cerebral cortex uniting to information from hundred "usual" neurones. Cells candelabrums were open about 40 years ago. Their difference from usual neurones consists that they form contacts to many pyramidal cells. Because of a set of contacts which are visible at a staining, cells candelabrums and received the name. One of pioneers of structure of DNA, Frensis Krik, put forward cells candelabrums on a role of integrators which control "simple" neurones of a cortex and if necessary "impose the veto" on exaltation diffusion between them. Nevertheless, it was till today unclear, these neurones are how formed. Authors of new research showed that these cells are formed of earlier unknown zone of a fetal brain (a ventral germinal zone - VGZ). Also scientific it was possible to find out, what gene specifically is responsible for their development.

To track "destiny" of cells it was possible thanks to specific synthesis of fluorescent proteins and the subsequent analysis of sections. Scientists notice that their research is of great importance for comprehension of how interaction between neurones from the point of view of hierarchy and spatial structure is organized. While on this subject neurobiologists know a little that is bound to extreme complexity of "disentangling" of structure of contacts of neurones. Let's remind, earlier Chinese scientists studied the impulses going from a human brain, and transformed them to musical waves. As a result researchers came to a conclusion that music of reason is similar to the jazz.

Scientists learned to do cages deckman DNA without participation

Scientists developed a new method of transformation of cages in deckman DNA without use. Article with the description of technology is published in the Cell Stem Cell magazine. Briefly results of researchers are described by the The Scientist magazine. Stem cells differ from "usual" subjects that are capable to develop on several ways. In other words, they can turn into various types of cages. The destiny of not stem cells is rigidly predetermined. As limiters certain updatings of DNA which stem cells don't have act. In recent years scientists developed some ways of reprogramming of not stem cells. All of them demanded introduction in a cage of certain genes. Addition of an alien genetic material does techniques potentially dangerous as DNA can be built in a genome of a cage and cause serious violations of its work. The majority of techniques means DNA introduction by means of the special infectious agent, and it essentially increases probability of a vstroyka. Authors of new research could turn фибробласты into plyuripotentny stem cells, without entering into their kernels of DNA. Researchers used "cocktail" from several transkriptsionny factors. This term the squirrels promoting reading of information from a certain site of a genome call. Proteins in a large number made genetically modified cages of an intestinal stick of Escherichia coli. Researchers allocated them, cleared and added in culture фибробластов - specialized cages of a connecting fabric. In comparison with the technology, using infectious agents, efficiency of transformation was 10 times less - 0,006 percent against 0,067 percent. Nevertheless, the method has big prospects for use in medical practice. The safe way of receiving stem cells is necessary, for example, for cultivation of a healthy warm fabric instead of the damaged.

Cholesterol is necessary for brain development

Newspaper «our World» Scientists from Carolinian institute proved that the component of cholesterol is necessary for formation of cells of the brain developing a dopamine. The experiments which have been carried out on embryos of mice, showed that development of neurons depends on activation of a certain receptor by the oxidized form of cholesterol - oksisteroly. The cages developing a dopamine, are necessary for development of motor skills, work of system of compensation and dependence formation. They die off first of all at Parkinson's illness. Scientists also showed that the embryonic stem cells which have been grown up in laboratory, under the influence of cholesterol become more probable dopaminovy neurons. The same influence allows to supervise development of stem cells. Scientists expect to replace died-off cells of patients, growing up neurons in laboratory.

Responsible for a hair loss recognized stem cells

The American researchers from University of Pennsylvania by experiences established that responsible for baldness at people is a certain type of stem cells. They brake action of usual stem cells which are responsible for growth of hair at mammals and people. In 2006-2007 the professor of University of Pennsylvania George Kotsarelis by practical consideration found out that stem cells directly are responsible for scalp growth at mice. It and his colleagues entered to experimental mice embryonic stem cells. As a result growth rate of hair at mice increased by 60-70 percent. Similar experiences with success were also repeated in France, Great Britain and Japan. However at the solution of an essential task – how to get rid of a hair loss at people, it became clear that stem cells can and break scalp growth, leading to baldness. During experiments Kotsarelis proved that the certain type of stem cells containing in hair follicles – so-called “old cages” or "cages predecessors", can block action of usual cages. As a rule, baldness begins in that site where the maintenance of "harmful" stem cells exceeds norm. Further they counteract usual cages and finally the person grows bald. Now Kotsarelis and his colleagues intend to find out, for what reasons there is this "failure" and in follicles concentration of "abnormal" stem cells which are responsible for baldness increases.

Stem cells told about a mozaitsizm of a human genome

Biologists of Yale university showed that the somatic mozaitsizm is widespread much more widely, than was considered earlier. It appeared that a third of cells of skin of the person in DNA has deletsiya or repetitions. Work is published in the Nature magazine, and its summary is provided on a university site. To establish individual differences in DNA of cells of skin, scientists used equipment of receiving the induced stem cells (iPSC). This method allows to give to somatic cages ability beyond all bounds shares. The matter is that for definition of sequence (sekvenirovaniye) of DNA scientific it is required to have it in a set of copies as the sekvenirovaniye of individual molecules of nucleinic acids while is interfaced to exclusive technical difficulties.

Having created from individual cells of skin deckman, scientists could multiply them in culture. Thanks to it, authors received unlimited number of copies of cellular DNA and could establish its sequence in the usual way. It appeared that the number of cages, whose DNA differs from an initial general genome in skin of the person reaches 30 percent. It is unexpectedly high figure contradicts earlier recognized opinion that individual differences get only "unhealthy" - precancer and cancer cages. The found differences generally consisted in duplication or, on the contrary, cutting of a part of DNA. According to classical representations of biology of development, the sequence of DNA of each cage of a metaphyte should be identical. Distinctions which underlie dissimilarity of different cells of one person consist not in DNA, and in its regulation - not in what genes are present at a cage, and in what of them are included. Nevertheless, because of mistakes at DNA replkatsiya during individual development separate cages gain own genetic features. This phenomenon is called as a somatic mozaitsizm. For a method of receiving the induced stem cells which authors applied in this article, to John Gardon and Sinjya Yamanaka in 2012 the Nobel Prize on physiology and medicine was awarded.

The Austrian transplantologist advised to Ukraine to take bodies from all dead men, irrespective of a consent of relatives

The consent presumption — standard of the law on which each died person is considered the donor, regardless of a consent of relatives — can become a push of development of the Ukrainian transplantology. To Ukraine suggest to allow posthumous donorship of the Photo of belarus-news.eu The professor of the Vienna medical university Igor Guk in interview told that the state support is necessary for trasplantologiya development in Ukraine, and also changes in the legislation. «In Austria quite progressive system of donorship, also allows to carry out a fence of bodies irrespective of a consent (or disagreement) relatives of the died person. That is the consent presumption is legislatively fixed. If the person against in case of death his bodies were taken for change, it has a right to declare it. Such information bring in the special register, and nobody has the rights to begin a body fence, without having convinced that the person didn't state during lifetime the disagreement to become the donor. Generally, in the Austrian society perception of transplantation positive» — the professor told. - Ministry of Health suggests to allow posthumous donorship in Ukraine «In the Ukrainian society, as far as I know, exist fears that such standard of the law (that is a consent presumption) the way to a fence of bodies at people who aren't potential donors will open. I heard, what the scandals connected by were that doctors suspected as if of illegal operations. After that at many ordinary people the organ transplantation associates with something dangerous, even the criminal. It, of course, very noticeably also was painfully designated on a situation in transplantation» — Guk noted. The professor considers that for Ukraine the example of Belarus is indicative. «The leaders of the neighboring country resolutely supported this branch, there passed the law on transplantation (in it there is a norm about a consent presumption), and literally for only a few years the Belarusian transplantologists escaped forward. And though the Ukrainian transplantologists carry out such operations at level of the best in the world, at level of the state of necessary support of the specified direction of modern medicine isn't present. And this with the fact that the population in Ukraine several times more than in Belarus. The second important point — the legislation favorable for development of transplantation. Now it, on the contrary, adverse» — he told. «From conversations with the Ukrainian colleagues I know about tragic cases when literally in the face of the person who can be rescued an organ transplantation, and relatives died in accident perishes disagree, that from it took body. The Ukrainian society difficult overcomes a way to mercy. The European countries passed this way earlier» — the professor noted.